Production drawings^[1][2][3] (sometimes called working drawings) are complete sets of drawings that detail the manufacturing and assembly of products (as distinct from engineering drawings prepared by and/or for production engineers whose task is to decide how best to manufacture the products).

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Machine operators, production line workers and supervisors all use production drawings.

Design engineers also use orthographic or pictorial views called 'working cases' to record their ideas. These preliminary sketches are used as the basis for both the component and assembly drawings. Production drawings are 'drawn' (graphic) information prepared by the design team for use by the construction or production team, the main purpose of which is to define the size, shape, location and production of the building or component'.

• The production drawings may describe the preferred order in which to assemble components and if the engineering drawings call for a screw fastener to be tightened to a specific torque the production drawings would typically describe the tool to be used and how it should be calibrated.
• Production Type, Paris, France. 4,508 likes 1 talking about this 5 were here. Production Type is a digital type design agency. Its activities span from the exclusive online distribution of its.

Orthographic projections are often supplied, giving views of machine parts and their assembly in an accessible form akin to artistic rendering in perspective, sometimes in exploded form which illustrates how the whole may be constructed from sub-assemblies and sub-assemblies into individual components. The production drawings may describe the preferred order in which to assemble components^[4] and if the engineering drawings call for a screw fastener to be tightened to a specific torque the production drawings would typically describe the tool to be used and how it should be calibrated.

Material and component specifics are commonly provided in the title block of a production drawing. Sub-assemblies (or the main assembly of components) are usually shown and the production drawings may specify where each assembled component will be built. Production drawings also record the number of parts that are required for making the assembled unit and may form an essential part of the documentation required to authorise the production of the item described.

Drawing set[edit]

Three main sets of production drawings include the following:

• Detail of each non-standard part on a drawing sheet, usually one part per sheet
• Assembly drawing showing all parts on one sheet
• A Bill of materials (BOM), essentially of each part

Elements of production drawings[edit]

The basic elements of production drawings include:^[5]

• Size and shape of component
• Format of drawing sheet
• Process sheet
• Projection method
• Limits, fits, and tolerances of size, form, and position
• Production method
• Indication of surface roughness and other heat treatments
• Material specification and Shape such as Castings, Forgings, Plates, Rounds, etc.
• Conventions used to represent certain machine components
• Inspection and Testing Methods
• Specification of Standard Components

Basic principles of dimensioning in production drawings[edit]

The basic principles of dimensioning in production drawings include the following:

• The drawing module should dimension each feature only once.
• The drawing should show no more dimensions than necessary.
• Place dimensions outside the drawing view as far as possible.
• Represent dimensions by visible outlines rather than by hidden lines.
• Avoid dimensioning the center line, except when it passes through the center hole.
• Avoid intersecting projection or dimension lines.
• If the space for dimensioning is insufficient, you may reverse arrow heads and replace adjacent arrow heads with dots.

Dimensioning technique[edit]

Any engineering drawing requires specifications in terms of dimensions.^[6] Dimensions are classified as the following:

Non-functional dimensions are required for manufacturing.

Auxiliary dimensions do not govern manufacturing or inspection of parts. They are arranged in the following ways:

• Chain dimensioning: This method can be used only where the accumulation of tolerances does not affect the functional requirements.
• Parallel dimensioning: In this type of dimensioning, a number of single dimension lines are drawn parallel to one another, spaced so as to accommodate the dimensional values.
• Running dimensioning: This type of dimensioning is similar to parallel dimensioning; the only difference is that the dimensions are superimposed in one line. In this case, the origin point should be marked.
• Coordinate dimensioning: The location of each hole and its size is given by specifying X and Y coordinates from the defined origin and tabulating them.

Production drawing in limits, fits and tolerance[edit]

Limit system[edit]

There are three terms used in the limit system:

1. Tolerance: Deviation from a basic value is defined as Tolerance. It can be obtained by taking the difference between the maximum and minimum permissible limits.
2. Limits: Two extreme permissible sizes between which the actual size is contained are defined as limits.
3. Deviation: The algebraic difference between a size and its corresponding basic size. There are two types of deviations: 1) Upper deviation 2) Lower deviation

The fundamental deviation is either the upper or lower deviation, depending on which is closer to the basic size.

Tolerances[edit]

Due to human errors, machine settings, etc., it is nearly impossible to manufacture an absolute dimension as specified by the designer. Deviation in dimensions from the basic value always arises. This deviation of dimensions from the basic value is known as Tolerance.^[6]

The figure shows mechanical tolerances which occur during operations.

Fits[edit]

The relation between tightness and looseness between two mating parts is called fit. Depending upon the actual limits of the hole or shaft sizes, fits may be classified as clearance fit, transition fit and interference fit.^[8]

Clearance fit[edit]

Clearance fit is defined as a clearance between mating parts. In clearance fit, there is always a positive clearance between the hole and shaft.

Transition fit[edit]

Transition fit may result in either an interference or clearance, depending upon the actual values of the tolerance of individual parts.

Interference fit[edit]

Interference fit is obtained if the difference between the hole and shaft sizes is negative before assembly. Interference fit generally ranges from minimum to maximum interference. The two extreme cases of interference are as follows:

Minimum interference[edit]

The magnitude of the difference (negative) between the maximum size of the hole and the minimum size of the shaft in an interference fit before assembly.

Maximum interference[edit]

The magnitude of the difference between the minimum size of the hole and the maximum size of the shaft in an interference or a transition fit before assembly.

Hole Basis and shaft basis system: In identifying limit dimensions for the three classes of fit, two systems are in use:

1. Hole basis system: The size of the shaft is obtained by subtracting the allowance from the basic size of the hole. Tolerances are then applied to each part separately. In this system, the lower deviation of the hole is zero. The letter symbol indication for this is 'H'.
2. Shaft basis system: The upper deviation of the shaft is zero, and the size of the hole is obtained by adding the allowance to the basic size of the shaft. The letter symbol indication is 'h'.

Production drawing in surface roughness[edit]

The properties and performance of machine components are affected by the degree of roughness of various surfaces; the higher the smoothness of the surface, the greater the fatigue strength and corrosionresistance will be.^[9]Friction between mating parts is also reduced by a smoother surface finish. The geometrical characteristics of the surface, in relation to roughness, are as follows:

• Macro-deviations
• Surface waviness
• Micro irregularities

Surface roughness can be evaluated with the height and mean roughness index of micro-irregularities. Surface roughness is defined by the following terms:

• Actual profile
• Reference profile
• Datum profile
• Main profile
• Mean roughness index
• Surface roughness number, etc.

Surface roughness number: The surface roughness number [R(a)] represents the average departure of the surface from the projections over the sampling length, which is expressed in micrometers. It is given by R(a)={h1+h2+h3+.....+hn}/n. Surface roughness can be measured using some of the following terms:

• Surface gauge
• Straight edge
• Profilograph
• Profilometer
• Optical flat, etc.

Production drawing and process sheets[edit]

Production drawing roughness skew is shown in the accompanying figure.

Process sheets[edit]

The production drawing of a component is usually accompanied by a sheet known as a process sheet, which indicates the sequence of operations recommended for manufacturing. It should list the machinery, tooling and skills for each act or event. The process sheet should consist of the following:

• Description of the job
• Component number
• Size and weight
• Cycle time
• Drawing number
• Sequence number, etc.

Uses of process sheets[edit]

Process sheets provide:

• An overall view of the various operations that are to be performed for a job.
• Assistance with layout of the plant during the product design.
• Assistance in cost estimation, standard costs, production control and evaluation for productivity.
• Information for methods study personnel, to optimize the production process.

Principles of production drawings[edit]

Production drawings are to be prepared on standard size drawing sheets and or prints. The correct size of sheet and size of object can be visualized not only from the views graphic views of but also from the various types of lines used, dimensions, notes, scales, etc. which enable everyone concerned - so long as they are fully conversant with the conventions used - to have a clear and unambiguous understanding of tasks, products and process. The ISO 128 international standards describe drawing conventions is some detail, including views, lines, cuts and sections but these are not in universal use (in India these standards are set by the Bureau of Indian Standards).

Drawing sheets[edit]

In production drawing standard size sheets are generally used to save paper and facilitate convenient storage of drawings. In specifications of sheets their size, the size of the title block and its position, the thickness of borders and frames etc., must be considered.

Sheet size[edit]

The basic principles to be followed in the sizes of drawing sheets are:

• X:Y=1:1.414
• X:Y=1, where X and Y are the sheet width and length.

For the reference size (A0), with a surface area of 1 sq meter, X=841mm and Y=1189mm.

Title block[edit]

The title block, containing the identification of the drawing, should lie within the drawing space at the bottom right hand corner. The direction of viewing of the title block should correspond in general with that of the drawing. The block will contain various identifiers such as: Company name, part name, drawing number, material, treatment or finishing, etc. Depending on the drawing standard, title blocks will vary.

See also[edit]

References[edit]

1. ^K.L. Narayana. Production Drawing. New Age International. ISBN81-224-0953-9.
2. ^Bhatt, N.D. Machine Drawing. Charotar Publishing House. ISBN978-81-85594-95-8.
3. ^Reddy, Venkata (2009). Production Drawing. New Age International. ISBN978-81-224-2288-7.
4. ^Miller, John (1932). Production Drawings. Rice Institute.
5. ^Narayana, K. Machine Drawing. ISBN81-224-0953-9.
6. ^ ^abMachine Drawing & Computer Graphics, Farazdak Haideri, Nirali Prakashan. ISBN978-93-8072-527-7
7. ^Production Drawing, K.L. Narayana, New Age International Publishers. ISBN81-224-0953-9
8. ^Machine Drawing, P. Kannaiah, New Age International Publishers. ISBN978-81-224-1917-7
9. ^Pohit, Goutam (2002). Machine Drawing with AutoCAD. Pearson Education. ISBN81-317-0677-X.

External links[edit]

• Design Handbook: Engineering Drawing and Sketching, by MIT OpenCourseWare

Fashion Design Software & Apparel Manufacturing CAD Systems List 2021 + All About Clothing Design Software Programs + Reviews

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Trends in fashion design are always changing and so is how clothing is being designed. The one constant is each year, more and more designers are using software to design their collections. With so many uses for Fashion Design Software & Apparel Manufacturing CAD Systems today such as creating digital fashion sketches, pattern making to designing a clothing line, there a many available options for consumers. You have fashion industry staples like Adobe Illustrator and Corel Draw on to fairly new solutions like Digital Fashion Pro and Optitex. We put together this list of Fashion CAD Systems that can help you decide which solution will work for you. In many cases, using more than one software solution is also a viable option. In terms of pricing, consider one-time lifetime licenses vs. subscription based models. Consider ease of use etc. This page covers everything you need to know about clothing design software programs and how they can help you achieve your fashion goals.

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What Exactly Is Fashion Design Software?

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Fashion Design Software is a computer-aided graphic design tool for creating digital fashion sketches, garment design, textiles, fashion illustration, artwork and other elements related to the design of apparel, footwear and accessories. The main goal of fashion design software is to help designers / users create digital fashion illustrations that communicate their vision of how a design should look once rendered or manufactured in real life. Fashion Design Software produces the digital blueprint of a design.

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Who Uses Fashion Design Software?

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• Fashion Labels
• Fashion Designers
• Clothing Line Start-Ups
• Costume Designers
• Fashion Students
• Fashion Teachers / Fashion Design Classes
• Fashion Merchandisers
• Pattern Makers
• Textile Designers
• Apparel Manufacturers
• Beginners / Aspiring Fashion Designers

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According to The US Department of Labor – Bureau of Labor Statistics States: “Fashion designers use technology to design. They must be able to use computer-aided design (CAD) programs and be familiar with graphics editing software,” as one of the things necessary to be a fashion designer today.

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What Is Fashion Design And Apparel CAD Used For?

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• Creating Digital Fashion Sketches & Fashion Illustrations
• Line Sheets
• Tech Packs
• Catalogs
• Portfolios
• Designing Fashion Collections
• Digital Samples / Digital Prototypes
• Storyboards
• Mood Boards
• Lookbooks
• Technical Drawings
• Line Forecasting
• Pattern making
• Label Design & Other Branding Related Artwork
• Team Collaboration / Electronic Sharing Among Various Departments Within An Organization
• Conceptual Development / Prototype Development

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Is Using Fashion Design Software Easy? Does It Require Specialize Training?

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Whether or not a fashion design software is easy or not depends on that software. It also depends on the level of training that comes with the program or that is required to be successful with the program. The learning curve of various fashion design software will differ from vendor to vendor. If ease of use is something that is important to you then you will want to look for ones that come with free included training and free technical support. The other item as to if a fashion design program is easy depends on the purpose of use. For instance, creating digital fashion sketches is easier than creating patterns. Pattern making is a true science and many professional pattern makers had to be formally trained first in the art so that they can then utilize their training when working with pattern making software. Either way, utilizing software programs is necessary if you want to design apparel. Also see article on the Fashion Design / Manufacturing Process.

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Do Users Have To Know How to Draw to Use Fashion Design Software?

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In most cases, you do not need to know how to draw to use fashion design software. This is even more the case with programs like Digital Fashion Pro that come with customizable vector templates. Templates offer a guide / starting point that ensures you will end up with professional digital fashion sketches with clean lines. Professional digital fashion sketches are required throughout the apparel manufacturing process and are highly preferred over hand sketches. The common traits of basically every clothing design software on this list is they all work with vectors meaning drawing skills aren’t required and they all have the ability to create professional fashion sketches and apparel designs.

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2D Fashion Flats vs. 3D Garment Design

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The push for 3D is all around us. 3D Printing of apparel is fascinating. However, in presenting designs to manufacturers – 2D fashion flats is still the standard industry format. Pattern makers do not cut in 3D. They cut fabrics and patterns laying on flat surfaces. Their work primarily derives from technical flats as they use this type of design to create patterns. 3D helps in the process by giving them an enhanced idea of how the design looks from all angles but at the same time this can also be accomplished with 2D flats as well.

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Here Is A List of Fashion Industry Fashion Design Software & Apparel CAD Manufacturing Systems Plus Details On Each

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1. Digital Fashion Pro

Purpose: Professional Digital Fashion Sketching & Illustration / Helps With Starting a Fashion Brand

Features: Create Technical Sketches / Aids In Apparel Production

Features: Design Menswear, Women’s Wear, Kid’s Wear, Baby Clothing, Handbags, Shoes, Accessories

Features: Includes Hundreds of Digital Fabrics & Textile Prints

Features: Includes Training Specific to Core Functions of Designing a Clothing Line

Features: Easy-To-Use, Very User Friendly, Learn System In Matter of Hours

Features: Mogul Edition Includes How To Start a Clothing Line Course + List of Clothing Manufacturers

Includes Garment Templates & Models: Yes. Includes Hundreds of Customizable Clothing Templates + Various Model Poses

What Can You Design With It? Depending On The Edition – Includes Templates For Jeans, T-shirts, Dresses, Hoodies, Outerwear, Athletic Wear, Handbags, Suits, Swimwear & Shoes

Technical Support Cost: Free

Comes With Free Training: Yes. Video and eTraining Guide

Requires Internet To Use: No

System Requirements: Windows Or Mac

Price: Starts At $199 – One-Time Lifetime License

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2. Adobe Illustrator

Purpose: General Vector Graphics Editor

Features: Create Digital Artwork, Textile Designs, Apparel Designs

Includes Garment Templates & Models: No

What Can You Design With It? Anything But User Has To Create Everything From Scratch

Technical Support Cost: Fee

Comes With Free Training: General How To But Not Specifically related to garment design

Requires Internet To Use: Yes

Price: $20.99 Monthly Subscription

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3. Corel Draw

Purpose: General Vector Graphics Editor

Features: Create Artwork & Textiles

Includes Garment Templates & Models: No

What Can You Design With It? Anything But User Has To Create Everything From Scratch

Technical Support Cost: Fee

Comes With Free Training: General How To But Not Specifically related to garment design

System Requirements: Windows Or Mac

Price: $499 Lifetime License

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4. Optitex

Purpose: 2D & 3D Fashion Design

Features: Integratable With Adobe Illustrator

Features: Pattern Making

Includes Garment Templates & Models: Yes

Technical Support Cost: Fee

Comes With Free Training: Fee

Price: By Quote

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5. Browzwear

Purpose: 3D Fashion Design

Features: Turn a Design Into a Tech Pack

Images Of Fashion Drawings

Includes Garment Templates & Models: Yes. Limited.

Technical Support Cost: Fee

Comes With Free Training: Yes

Requires Internet To Use: Yes

Price: By Quote

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6. Clo 3D

Purpose: Garment Design & Pattern Making

Features: Imports 3D Body Scans

Features: Can Be Implemented Into A Website For Virtual Fittings

Includes Garment Templates & Models: No

Technical Support Cost: Free

Comes With Free Training: Yes

System Requirements: Windows Or Mac

Price: $50 /Mo Or $450 Annually

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7. C-Design

Purpose: Fashion Design & Collection Management

Features: Helps In Garment Creation Cycle

Fashion Production Illustration Pdf

Features: Can Integrate With Adobe Illustrator and Corel Draw

Includes Garment Templates & Models: Yes

Production Drawing Fashion Models

What Can You Design With It? Apparel

Technical Support Cost: Unknown

Requires Internet To Use: Yes + Windows Or For Mac Users – Need Windows + Parallels

Comes With Free Training: Unknown

Price: Subscription Based

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8. TUKA3D

Purpose: 3D Fashion Design & Garment Development Software

Features: Full Motion Simulation

Features: Fabric Simulation

Production Drawing Fashion Designer

Includes Garment Templates & Models: Yes

Technical Support Cost: Free

Comes With Free Training: Yes

System Requirements: Windows

Price: By Quote + Financing Options Available

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9. Lectra Kaledo

Purpose: Apparel Design

Features: Sharing Within Team

Technical Support Cost: Unknown

Comes With Free Training: Unknown

Price: Not Listed On Their Site

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10. Telestia Creator

Purpose: Design Apparel – Course Based

Features: Virtual Fitting

Includes Garment Templates & Models: Limited Amount

Technical Support Cost: Fee

Comes With Free Training: Included as this is a course

Price: Unknown

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11. PatternSmith

Purpose: Pattern Making

Features: Digitize Photos

Features: Provides Cutting Solutions

Technical Support Cost: Unknown

Comes With Free Training: Comes With User Manuals

Price: Not Listed On Site. Demo Must Be Scheduled

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12. Marvelous Designer

Purpose: Primarily used in the CG, animation, and gaming industries, create 3D clothing

Features: Makes Patterns

Features: Draping Simulations

Includes Garment Templates & Models: Includes Avatars

Technical Support Cost: Included With Subscription

Comes With Free Training: Tutorials & Manuals

System Requirements: Windows Or Mac

Price: $50 Per Month

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13. Bontex StyleOffice

Purpose: Textile And Fashion Design Software

Features: Vector and Raster Application

Features: Pattern Design & Grading

Features: Fabric simulation, colorway and 3D modeling

Includes Garment Templates & Models: Yes

Technical Support Cost: Unknown

Comes With Free Training: Yes. Online Courses

Price: Not Listed. Ask For Quote

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Article By The StartingAClothingLine.com Team – An Industry Leader In Empowering Fashion Designers & Beginners Start, Design and Manufacture Their Own Apparel Collections.